Electronic Toll Collection System using Passive RFID

This paper focuses on an electronic toll collection (ETC) system using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. Research on ETC has been around since 1992, during which RFID tags began to be widely used in vehicles to automate toll processes.

The proposed RFID system uses tags that are mounted on the windshields of vehicles, through which information embedded on the tags are read by RFID readers. The proposed system eliminates the need for motorists and toll authorities to manually perform ticket payments and toll fee collections, respectively.

Data information are also easily exchanged between the motorists and toll authorities, thereby enabling a more efficient toll collection by reducing traffic and eliminating possible human errors.
Source: JATIT
Author: Khadijah Kamarulazizi | Widad Ismail

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Automated Toll Collection System Using RFID

Rede Tacton Seminor/ Project

What is RedTacton?

RedTacton is a technology that bridges the last networking gap, creating the HAN – Human Area Network, connecting the last meter.  It works by utilizing the electric field on the surface of the human body to transmit data between a RedTacton receiver and other devices.  Data can be transmitted at up to 10 mbps.  According to Technology Review, the “transceiver combines an optical receiver circuit equipped with a super-sensitive photonic electrical field sensor and a crystal to transmit data.”

Currently, RedTacton is gearing up to compete with Bluetooth, Zigbee, IrDA (infrared data association), UWB (ultra wide band), and other wireless communication forms.  These competing technologies are different in that they use radio frequency or light to transmit data short distances.  They also tend to work at slower speeds that RedTacton which, as mentioned before, uses the body’s electrical field to transmit at a high speed.  Additionally, since RedTacton requires touch and has a low potential for interference, it it much more secure than the competition.

Project On Frost Alarm

 

Description
A simple thermistor triggered switch with adjustable threshold. It triggers with cold temperatures so may be used as a frost alarm or cold temperature switch.

frost alarm


Circuit Notes
The thermistor used has a resistance of 15k at 25°C and 45k at 0° Celsius. A suitable bead type thermistor can be found in the Maplin catalogue. The 100k pot allows this circuit to trigger over a wide range of temperatures.

EEE Projects

Router Congestion & Delay Management

 2. Content Management System

 3. Java Mail Server

 4. Compressing Access Control Lists

 5. Network Forensic Analyser

Software Engineering Aptitude – Sample- Questions

 ORACLE RECRUITMENT 2012 -  Engineering Aptitude Section
Sample Questions (2/4)


Assessment Breakdown:
Section    Time    Questions
Math Reasoning    10 Minutes    10
IT Reasoning    10 Minutes    10
Attention to Detail    5 Minutes    10
Logic Diagramming    10 Minutes    5
Total    35 Minutes    35 Questions


IT Reasoning Section
It is designed to test your understanding of the principles of logic.You will be presented with a variety of questions that you must solve using principles of logic.You will have 10 minutes to complete the 10 questions in this section.

Question Number 1
A, B and C can complete a task in X, Y and Z days, respectively, working alone on it. Which of the following expressions best describes how many days they take to complete the task when they are working together on it from start to finish?
a. (X + Y + Z)
b. 1 / (X + Y + Z)
c. 1 / ( (X+Y+Z) / XYZ)
d. 1 / (1/X + 1/Y + 1/Z)

Question Number 2
Megan had US $'x' with her. She spent 1/3rd of the money for traveling and 1/4th of the money for food. The balance money with her is __________.
a. US $ 11x/12
b. US $ 5x/12
c. US $ x/12
d. US $ 7x/12

DGS DRIVING GUIDANCE SYSTEM BASED ON WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

In recent years, the desire to connect all electronic computing devices together and to embed computing devices in almost everything has increased. Although they can be connected through wired lines, it is more convenient and effective to use wireless links when we consider the large number of pervasive devices in the environment.
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are one of the enabling technologies for such a ubiquitous computing world. This is especially true in the telematics field where WSNs can be used to provide useful information such as road condition and traffic speed for safe driving. Currently, this information is detected in a wired way using loop detectors and sensors. Furthermore, they are very expensive and it is difficult to install and maintain them. In the proposed system these things will be done through WSN.
SYSTEM DESIGN:
The system present with the WSN based DGS system architecture which consists of the SMS and the WPS. The WPS (Weather information Providing Sub-system) is used to provide road condition information (e.g., dry, icy, wet, etc.) to drivers and the SMS (Speed Measurement Sub-system) is used to measure the speed of a vehicle and to control a VMS(Variable Message Signboard) to guide the driver to keep to the regulated speed.
HARDWARE & SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
1)Hardware components: PIC 16F877A, 2x16-LCD, MAX232, RS232, Sensors, RF TX, RX
2)Software tools: Development tool – MPLAB v7.42, Hardware Compiler - HI-Tech PICC, Programmer - PIC Flash, Hardware Simulation tool - Proteus v6.9 Sp4

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TILT BASED TOUCH FREE MOBILE PHONE

This project aims at designing a GSM mobile with the help of a MEMS sensor to help for a friendly hardware interaction for the user. The device is designed by interfacing a Micro Electro Mechanical Sensor (MEMS) and a GSM modem. An onboard computer (Microcontroller) controls these two hardware modules. These three combined to form the project that can achieve the following innovative features.
1) Horizontal Right Tilt based Phone Book (forward) reading system.
2) Horizontal Left Tilt based Phone Book (backward) reading system.
3) Vertical Upward Tilt for calling the phone number.
4) Vertical Downward Tilt for disconnecting the call.

This kind of hardware interactions are made possible with the help of the MEMS technology. This kind of mobile designs are helpful for user who are interested for a fast and less complex operations and also for the illiterates who least prefer for lot more button operation.
The objectives of the project are achieved by making use of an onboard computer. Onboard computer which we are making use can also be termed as a control unit or microcontrollers. Microcontroller interfaces with MEMS based tilt sensor and also with GSM Modem. GSM modem interfacing is done using Serial Communication and AT commands. This system also consists of a graphical LCD for better visibility. This displays the control options for tilt based commands, Address book, Mobile operator name and Number dialing/disconnection information. This system also enabled with the power saving features like disconnecting the power supply to GLCD incase of non-usage of mobile phone for few seconds.
The MEMS sensor is the input module of the project and provides the information about the tilt in different directions. While the GSM modem is used for remote communication and it catch holds of a SIM card. It is operated with out the need of any control button interface and for this the control makes use of AT commands as per the interest of the user (as per the tilt).
The main features of this project are:
1. User friendly operation.
2. Dynamic phone book display with respect to the horizontal (left/right) tilt angle.
3. Dynamic calling option with respect to the forward vertical tilt angle.
4. Dynamic calling option with respect to the backward vertical tilt angle.
5. Very easy to operate.
6. GLCD with backlight control.
7. Power saving mode of operation.
8. Activities display on GLCD.
9. Buzzer for audible alerts.

RFID AND GSM BASED INTELLIGENT MAIL BOX

As the time moves the life style of the persons has completely changed and there is no time for the people for micro management of every issue personally. So, this is the right time to provide some space to the technology into our lives for monitoring the issues which requires our personal presence for the things to happen. One among those issues which require our personal presence is receiving the courier which is sent back if we are not present at the time the courier boy comes to our house. This may lead to the delay in receiving the data and in some scenarios it may also lead to tough situations. So our project aims in providing a very reliable and very user friendly solution to overcome this kind of problem.
As we know the advancements in the Radio Frequency and GSM technologies and making use of those existing technologies we can design a device which is capable of identifying the arrival of courier and forward the same to the receiver and also send an acknowledgement to the courier office so that they do not require the signature of the particular person for whom the courier is meant for. The basic idea of the system is to employ an RF ID tag to the courier and send the identity number to the receivers mobile. The receiver of the courier will have a letter box which has an RF reader and a dedicated GSM modem in it. As soon as the courier boy drops the letter in to it the RF reader reads the identity number of the tag and informs the same to a micro controller and compares it with the identity number send by the courier office and if both are one and the same then it sends message to the receiver and also to the courier office about the arrival of the courier.
To design the entire system we require a microcontroller which acts as a medium of communication between the RF reader and the GSM modem. The major advantage of this system is the presence of the GSM modem enables the device to communicate with the receiver no matter where ever he was present on the globe.

ENERGY CONSERVATION SYSTEM USING PIR032

The conservation of energy states that the total amount of energy in any closed system remains constant but can't be recreated, although it may change forms, e.g. friction turns kinetic energy into thermal energy. In thermodynamics, the first law of thermodynamics is a statement of the conservation of energy for thermodynamic systems, and is the more encompassing version of the conservation of energy. In short, the law of conservation of energy states that energy can not be created or destroyed, it can only be changed from one form to another.
Energy conservation is the practice of decreasing the quantity of energy used while achieving a similar outcome. This practice may result in increase of financial capital, environmental value, national security, personal security, and human comfort. Individuals and organizations that are direct consumers of energy may want to conserve energy in order to reduce energy costs and promote economic, political and environmental sustainability.
There is provided an infrared sensor unit for deactivating an electrical appliance when left unattended by its user. The sensor unit includes a passive infrared sensor for sensing the user through a field of infrared light provided within a viewable distance of the electrical appliance. An adjustable timer is in electrical communication with the passive infrared sensor for counting toward a predetermined amount of time when the user is not sensed within the field of infrared light. The sensor unit further includes a controller device which is in electrical communication with the adjustable timer for deactivating the electrical appliance upon reaching the predetermined amount of time.
A Passive Infra-Red (PIR) sensor is an electronic device commonly used in security lighting, and burglar alarm systems. A PIR sensor is a motion detector which detects the heat (infrared) emitted naturally by humans and animals. When a person in the field of vision of the sensor moves, the sensor detects a sudden change in infrared energy and the sensor is activated.

GSM BASED AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM

The project is mainly used to control the on-off action of a motor in the field based on the dry and wet conditions of the field using GSM Technology.
The Main Components of Project
1) Microcontroller
2) Vehicle or Robot
3) DC Motors, to run the Vehicle
4) Sensing logic
5) LCD, to display the status of the field and the communication between circuit and the user mobile.
6) Power Supply
Working:
This project is developed based on EMBEDDED and GSM Technology. When a field is in the dry condition, the sensing logic senses the state of the field and intimates it to the microcontroller. It in response makes the motor on. We can know the status of the field by sending a message to the GSM modem which is placed at the field. Through our mobile we can switch on-off the motor by sending the respective commands to the kit through the GSM modem. Thus the irrigation motor can be controlled through our mobiles using GSM technology.

Zigbee based energymeter reading on PC

The purpose of this project is to read the Domestic Energy meter and transmit the reading to PC through Zigbee wireless transmission. This system helps to give a quick reference to the users on PC. This can be achieved by the use of control unit that continuously reads the meter into its permanent (non-volatile) memory location. Then the control unit takes the responsibility to transmit the data to the other receiver module, which is being connected to PC (Computer). At transmitter side the meter reading will be displayed on the LCD(display). The final output of this project is going to be the reading of the meter to be displayed on computer monitor and it also gives the bill using printer which connected to PC (computer).

There are two controlling modules at the two ends i.e. is one at the energy meter end and the other at the computer based display. The communication between these two modules is taken place with the help of a Zigbee module. Zigbee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs)

The control units which we are making use can also be termed as an onboard computers or microcontrollers. The name onboard computer is given sue to the presence of it’s built in memory (RAM, ROM) and also due to its input and output ports. The control unit at the energy meter end reads the meter readings and forwards it to the other end using this Zigbee. The microcontroller also displays the energy meter readings on LCD which is interfaced with the microcontroller. This information is received by the controller at the PC with the help of the Zigbee provided to it and prints the same into the PC (Hyper terminal). And also it gives the bill using printer.
The major advantage of this system is making use of Zigbee module which helps for a wireless transmission. Zigbee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh networking proprietary standard. The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications, the low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range.

Smart Card based access control system

Smart card based access control system is an application specific project, which can be used universally any where security is prime concern. The security to a property, organization and other purposes where a human being entering into can be checked or segregated between authorized and unauthorized persons by implementing this project.
Secure life, secure property is what everyone desires. So a lot of money and interest is spent in this area. The important installations are to be protected from unauthorized intruders, as well as home are to be secure from same factors. Today man less intelligent automatic machines are used in every field so that manpower can be least used and efficient work can be achieved .The intelligent machine only solution in this field is microprocessor. However the microprocessor forms complex structure. Therefore micro controller is the best solution.
The Smart card based access control system presented here is an access control system that allows only authorized persons to access a restricted area. 

Security system with Image capturing

Now-a-days security is very important in every aspect. To protect the data, information in the offices, business establishments from leakage and for theft control security is important. So many people prefers security system arranged usually at the entrance of an restricted area
An Access control system forms a vital link in any security chain. The Microcontroller based digital lock presented here is an access control system that allows only authorized persons to access a restricted area. This is helpful in industrial areas where only authorized persons are allowed to enter into a particular area.
The system uses a circuitry built around 8051 Micro controller, where the security is provided by entering password to enter into restricted areas. Coding for the project will be developed in embedded C. Flash magic will be used for loading of programs into microcontroller. In addition to that the security system is advanced with the usage of wireless cameras, which is attached to the entire system so that it can capture the image of a person and where we can identify whether he is a authorized or not. Because a non- authorized person may also enter the password.
The system comprises a small electronic unit with a numeric pad, Green/Red LEDs,buzzer and LCD display. It also consists the wireless camera outside the door. When an authorized person enters a pre-determined (number password) via the keypad. The wireless camera shoots the image and that image can be viewed on the monitor so that we can check whether the person is an authorized or not. If the entered password is wrong it gives a longer beep of one second.

VEHICLE SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM USING RF COMMUNICATION

Nowadays people are driving very fast, accidents are occurring frequently, we loss our valuable life by making small mistake while driving (school zone, hills area, highways). So to avoid such accidents, this project alerts drivers to control speed for appropriate place.
The main objective is to design a Smart Display and Controller meant for vehicle’s speed control and monitors, which can run on an embedded system. Smart Display & Control (SDC) can be custom designed to fit into a vehicle’s dashboard, and display information on the vehicle to be traveled in the different zone and its automatically controls vehicle’s speed in different zonal state (like school zone, hills area, U-turn, highway etc.).
The SDC is composed of two separate units: zone status transmitter unit and receiver (speed display and control) unit. The transmitter modules operate with a carrier frequency of 418MHz within the 260MHz-470MHz RF spectrum (unlicensed spectrum) thus avoiding any FCC charges or regulations. The wireless transmitter module can send data up to 100 feet away from the vehicle.
Once the information is received from the zones, the vehicle’s embedded unit is automatically alert the driver, to reduce the speed according to the zone, it waits for few seconds, otherwise vehicle’s SDC unit automatically reduce the speed.
In a critical situation many vehicles faces accident, due to this lot of person lost their lives. After that accident also some life can be saved but due to lack of information, time and place it may not be possible. Our project will provide an optimum solution to that draw back. According to this project when a vehicle met with an accident immediately the vehicle number and persons contact number will transferred to police control room or a rescue team. So the police can immediately trace the location from where the message came. Then after conforming the location necessary action will be taken.

GPS BASED VIRTUAL FENCING

The purpose this project is to construct a virtual fencing that functions similar to physical fencing. Virtual fencing for the wild animals is meant to restrict animals to move in only few areas. For example in recent days we can find the elephants coming in to the villages and damaging their lands, houses, and even their lives in this case we can restrict the elephants to the forest itself, not only elephants it may be any other wild animals we can stop them from coming out of the forest. In the other case we generally find our pet animals missing from home, even in this case we can stop our pet animal from going outside the home. In both the above cases we can make use of the virtual fencing project to restrict the movement of the animals beyond particular location.
The GPS is the acronym for Global positioning system. This GPS receiver is capable of identifying the location in which it was present in the form of latitude and longitudes. This information is very useful and can be processed for alerting the boat drivers. The GPS gives the data received from the satellites. For this information the GPS communicates with at least three satellites in the space.
Here the term virtual sounds the presence of nothing, so the meaning of virtual fencing is to provide fencing without constructing anything physically. For this purpose we make use of the current location of the animal which can be known with the help of the GPS and whenever it was about to cross its area it will have a shock which forces it to stay in the location to which it was restricted. The device consists of a micro controller which receives the information from the GPS and monitors the Shock providing circuit.

E-AUTOMATION FOR TRAINS SYSTEM

There are many railway crossings which are unmanned due to lack of man power needed to fulfill the demands. Hence many accidents occur at such crossings since there is no one to take care of the functioning of the railway gate when a train approaches the crossing. This project is a step towards improving the status of such unmanned railway crossings. Here, the railway gate is closed automatically as train approaches the crossing and automatically the gate is opened after the train has crossed. Here the magnetic switches have been utilized to sense the train approach and departure.
This project is designed using Microcontroller IC 8051,the program is written and stored in the ROM of the 8051.when the Microcontroller is powered up, the controller starts working as per the program stored in the IC. To sense the train and to control the gates, the ports of Microcontroller are utilized. The main advantage of using Microcontroller, the size of the circuit is minimized to greater extent, consumes less power, reliable and has high accuracy in its operation.
The two magnetic sensors are placed 1/4th KM away from the railway gate crossing on either side of the gate .When the train approaches and passes on the magnetic sensor the gate buzzer produces sound for few seconds , which indicates to the motor vehicles that gate is about to close and no one should cross the gate. Similarly once the Train passes on the other sensor kept at other side of the gates will be opened. The distance of placing sensors can be adjusted. This project is facilitated with multi options such as anti collision system for trains and it sends indication to the driver in the train as soon as the track is cut or removed.

SMS BASED PATIENT REPORT FROM REMOTE PLACES

The project intends to interface the microcontroller with the LCD and Heart beat monitoring system and send the information like heartbeat pulses of the patient to the doctor’s work station on LCD. The project uses the LCD, Heartbeat sensor and Embedded Systems to design this application. The main objective of this project is to design a system that continuously monitors the heartbeat of the patient and if they are likely to exceed the normal values, the system immediately sends a message to the doctor’s LCD.

This project is a device that collects data from the sensors, codes the data into a format that can be understood by the controlling section. This system also collects information from the master device and implements commands that are directed by the master.
The software application and the hardware implementation help the microcontroller read the output of the sensors and send these values to the doctor’s mobile whenever he sends a request to the controlling unit. The measure of efficiency is based on how fast the microcontroller can read the sensor output values and send a message to the doctor’s mobile whenever these parameters exceed the normal values. The system is totally designed using LCD and embedded systems technology.
The Controlling unit has an application program to allow the microcontroller read the sensor output values and send them to the user mobile whenever he sends a request to the controlling unit. The performance of the design is maintained by controlling unit.

WSN BASED MODEL FOR ANTI COLLISION ACCIDENT PREVENTED FOR TRAINS

Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real time performance constraints that must be met, for reason such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.
An embedded system is not always a separate block - very often it is physically built-in to the device it is controlling. The software written for embedded systems is often called firmware, and is stored in read-only memory or flash convector chips rather than a disk drive. It often runs with limited computer hardware resources: small or no keyboard, screen, and little memory.
Wireless communication has become an important feature for commercial products and a popular research topic within the last ten years. There are now more mobile phone subscriptions than wired-line subscriptions. Lately, one area of commercial interest has been low-cost, low-power, and short-distance wireless communication used for \personal wireless networks." Technology advancements are providing smaller and more cost effective devices for integrating computational processing, wireless communication, and a host of other functionalities. These embedded communications devices will be integrated into applications ranging from homeland security to industry automation and monitoring. They will also enable custom tailored engineering solutions, creating a revolutionary way of disseminating and processing information. With new technologies and devices come new business activities, and the need for employees in these technological areas. Engineers who have knowledge of embedded systems and wireless communications will be in high demand. Unfortunately, there are few adorable environments available for development and classroom use, so students often do not learn about these technologies during hands-on lab exercises. The communication mediums were twisted pair, optical fiber, infrared, and generally wireless radiation.

AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER WITH VISITOR COUNTER

Digital visitor counter is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of counting Number of Persons/ Visitors in the Room very accurately. When somebody enters into the Room then the Counter is Incremented by one and when any one leaves the room then the Counter is Decremented by One, by doing this simultaneously the automatically room light will be controlled through microcontroller.

The total number of Persons inside the Room is displayed on the seven segment displays. The microcontrollers do the above job it receives the signals from the sensors, and this signals operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM of the Microcontroller.

Celsius scale digital themometer using 8051 microcontroller

Celsius scale thermometer displays the ambient temperature through a LCD display. It consists of two sections. One is that which senses the temperature. This is a temperature sensor LM35. The other section converts the temperature value into a suitable number in Celsius scale which is done by the ADC0804.

A digital thermometer can be easily made by interfacing a temperature sensor to the microcontroller AT89C51. The temperature sensor used in the project is LM35. The LM 35 IC generates a 10mV variation to its output voltage for every degree Celsius change in temperature. The Output of the temperature sensor is analog in nature so we need an analog to digital convertor for converting the analog input to its equivalent binary output. The ADC0804 is the analog to digital convertor IC used in the project. 0804 is a single channel convertor which converts the analog input up to a range of 5V to an equivalent 8-bit binary output.